Much was wrong about the conference. Of course, it did not make sense inviting representatives of the continent to the meeting when Africa itself was the main item on the menu. This meant that the outcomes of the conference were always going to be constipating for the continent. Even then, two other outcomes of the conference have had longer term consequences that still echo today. The extraction of resources and their export from the continent, and colonial rule left cicatrices (economic, social, and political) on the continent’s face so deep that they are still discernible today.

